L03: Representation Theory

L03: Representation

LO3: Narrative Theories

 LO3: Narrative Theories

LO3: Sound

LO3: Sound

Sound creates emotion and allows the audience to feel a certain way.

There are 2 groups of sound:

• Diegetic
• Non-Diegetic

Diegetic Sound

Sound which can be heard in the audience and that the characters within the film can also hear such as dialogue as natural sound. This is caused by an action on screen. Within a car chase you may hear the engine revving or the sound of the breaks screeching the car to a halt; these are diegetic sounds which connote enigma through the action and speed. These being sound effects, some of these may be made louder or included to allow the audience to hear and feel the effect and extent of these sounds to give adrenaline and make drama. Sound effects which happen in the story (such as a gunshot added in post production) are still diegetic as the characters can hear it.

An iconic line of dialogue from John Wick Chapter 3 would be 'I have served - I will be of service'. This connotes the effect and presence of the high table in the series however, in the setting where John says it to Winston as he's rid of his excommunicado, having 'served' and now he will be 'of service' to Winston. This creating enigma in the implication that he will kill him.

Non-Diegetic Sound

Sound which can be heard by the audience but not heard by the characters within the scene such as soundtrack. This sound has been added in post-production. This is used to emphasize action on screen. Examples include: soundtrack, stings and incidental music. Incidental music is a soundtrack which fits the theme of the scene that is taking place. This is determined by pace and tempo. For an example: a fast paced car chase would use incidental music with a fast pace and high tempo. 

• 2 different scenes with Sound Effects - diegetic
• An example of dialogue for a heroic moment - diegetic
• An example of dialogue for an antagonist - diegetic
• An example of a sting - non-diegetic
• Two different incidental music with pace and tempo - non-diegetic

Within the library scene: a slow paced, low tempo droning song plays as John reflects on his past; kissing his last photo with his wife by way of insert shot to further emphasize the importance of the photo and challenge male stereotypes through showing John's emotions. However, this incidental music initially connotes a melancholic disposition; this changes into a tense, unnerving track however to signify the feeling that John is being watched. This is denoted further by way of a subtle thunder clap (through diegetic sound effects) which signifies the presence of enigma and foreshadows the approach of Ernest who has come to execute John. 

This scene continues with  a shot reverse shot structure in which Ernest towers over John; the enigma furthered in the use of a high angle over the shoulder shot from Ernest's perspective. The scene (whenever John speaks) cuts to another over the shoulder shot (now low angle to demonstrate which character is in power). John says to Ernest 'I still have ti-' to which Ernest interrupts with 'Is almost up.' The camera quickly cutting from Ernest's towering perspective over John, back to the low angle (with John) as he interrupts him. This furthered by the juxtaposition in good vs evil (Levi Strauss theory) via the shot reverse shot structure; the antagonist threatening the heroic protagonist as he's still speaking to further antagonize him and to create enigma. Ernest disregards the rules of John's excommunicado by attacking him early in 'who's gonna know the difference?' to again emphasize the enigma. This is furthered in the use of dialect, with Ernest being Russian and saying 'Is' rather than 'it's' which is illicit of Stanley Cohen's moral panics theory of a stereotypically evil man based on accent. This reflects John being up against a foreign enemy therefore, encouraging John to overcome this cheater even more. This again, even furthering the enigma and putting more spectacle into the fight scene that follows.

In this same scene Ernest says '40 million is a lot of money' in reference to John's bounty however, in a heroic moment John retorts 'not if you can't spend it' before attacking Ernest. This puts the audience's adrenaline high with John's dialogue antagonizing and threatening Ernest despite his position of power connoted in this scene (e.g. low angle) furthering enigma.

Incidental music is used once again (as a common theme throughout the film), with a fast paced, high tempo in conjunction with a wide crowded shot to denote John up against his two attackers. The connotation of this is danger, with a high threat towards John which is furthered in the context of these attackers being assassins for the high table therefore, creating enigma. 

Earlier in this scene, John's 'defeat' before the real fight is signified when the blades of the assassins create a sharp (diegetic) sound as they stop by John's head. This is significant as a low angle is used to show the heroic male protagonist in a vulnerable position, at the assassin's mercy before they let him stand up to 'really' fight. The reason for this evident in 'It is an honor to fight with you, Mr.Wick'. This creates enigma as John is put in an underdog role with two of his toughest opponents however, this is furthered by spectacle in them being his biggest fans who took inspiration from him. The tension is lowered before this quote however, as the slash from before is juxtaposed with another sound effect of the attacker putting his weapon away to help John up.

Another example of high tempo, fast paced incidental music is evident in the fight against Zero in which the music constantly cuts and starts again like stings in the periods of break and fighting. The music going silent suddenly as Zero and John disappear and thundering again as he attacks. This creates spectacle in the fight due to the constant switching of tempo to create enigma in the audience. Similarly to the previous scene against the assassins, this represents a patriarchal society as only men are shown to be capable fighters who show no emotion in their innate stoicism.

During the scene in which John must prove his fealty to the king of the high table through sacrificing 'his witness' meaning his previous life and therefore, his marriage, meaning he must remove his finger that contains his wedding ring. Enigma is made as the prop of a blade is given to John to signify to him and the audience what must happen. John plunging the blade into his finger, severing it as a sting is used to climax the slow, quiet, droning tempo and pace of Incidental music to give emphasis to the scene. This furthered due to how crucial a point in the narrative this is; this being John's attempt at repair to remove the excommunicado.

LO3: Editing

 Unit 1 LO3: Editing

Editing - The effects (visual and audio), cuts (between shots) and transitions (between scenes) which happen in post-production where every shot and scene is spliced together.

Examples of Editing are:

• Cross cutting
• Transitions
• cuts 
• VFX
• SFX
• Special Effects/CGI 

Editing Is what allows the audience to understand the narrative which:

• Takes out footage that isn't needed
• Arranging footage to create a narrative
• Applying SFX and transitions

Post Production Techniques

Continuity Editing is editing that is continuous to create a narrative for the audience to understand. It appears to be invisible due to use of cuts (audience doesn't realise that cuts progress scenes and story). 

This is shown in Todorov's Theory: equilibrium - enigma - enigma is acknowledged - attempt at repair - new equilibrium. 

Side note - high angle on a character who is (by way of sound) acting dominant connotes that they aren't actually dominant in a juxtaposition. A tracking shot which moves backwards (backwards tracking shot) to follow the character as if the audience/camera is stepping back connotes subordination and immerses audience and is often used in shot reverse shot structure to put the audience in another character's perspective.

Women who challenge gender stereotypes, like Sofia in John Wick 3, is an example of post feminism which challenges a patriarchal society which would be represented by a character like John. Common stereotypes associated with POC are challenged to display post colonialism. 

All editing must contain at least two shots.

SACIE

Shot Reverse Shot Structure

Action Match

Cross Cutting

Insert Shot

Eye-line Match

Shot Reverse Shot Structure - Juxtaposes two images in order to create a link between them such as conversation. This could be juxtaposed with an antagonist speaking to a heroic protagonist (good vs evil). In contrast there is connotations of teamwork between two heroic characters talking together. Likewise antagonist talking to antagonist signifies evil teamwork. These are also used in car chases (such as during the last third of John Wick 3 where John is riding a motorcycle whilst fighting the high table. Over the shoulder shots are common in shot reverse shot structure to put the audience in that character's perspective. The quicker the cuts and closer (close ups) the camera is to the characters, the higher the tension. Angles (between high and low) may shift as the power shifts.

Action Match - 1 action over more than 1 shot (the action/movement goes over 2 or more shots). This is to create spectacle. An action match is used when an action begins in 1 shot and finishes in another to disguise the use of a cut. This is seen in The Matrix where a character runs onto a wall in one shot, flips, continues the flip in the next shot and completes the flip in the next. This is to signify the capability of the character as agile (dodging bullets in the scene). Furthermore, this character is female to challenge female stereotypes in an action setting (an ideal self/partner).  

Cross Cutting - Requires 2 shots where we cut from one location to another location at the same time to give the impression of 'meanwhile'. Cross cutting from a protagonist to an antagonist, conflict/good vs evil is connoted. If there's a cross cut from protagonist to another main (ally) character then the connotation is teamwork. 

Insert Shot - A wide shot which cuts to a close up of something in the shot like a prop. This signifies a prop's importance in the scene or overall narrative. In the case of a prop which is centric to the narrative may be an example of iconography such as the marker in John Wick 3.

Eye-line Match - Where a character looks at something and the camera cuts to what they're looking at. This is to create empathy with a character through seeing through their eyes. This assists in ideal self and can be used for tension or to put emphasis on something.  

SACIE in John Wick Chapter 3

Shot reverse shot - During the horse stable fight scene, a shot reverse shot structure is used between John and another assassin as when he recovers from the floor a low angle is used to return the power shift back to the assassin however, his gaze is bewildered as the camera cuts to John looking back at him with the same low angle but a fierce and determined expression (reflective of a patriarchal society where men are all in control and hide emotion) and the power shifts straight to John where he hits the horse he stands by so it kicks the assassin, eliminating him. A shot reverse shot structure is used once again when John and Winston finally meet again after Winston marked John for death. Following later scenes and John Wick 4: Winston and John are companions however, this scene creates an impending enigma with John entering Winston's domain whilst they're still enemies (Winston taking the antagonist in the scene). The use of a wide-over the shoulder shot is present only when the shot switches to Winston speaking. This places the audience more in John's perspective and the less clear view of Winston builds tension. In juxtaposition the shots of John are medium close-ups which denote John's fierce and blunt expressions (stereotypical of a male in action) and connote that he's got no tricks up his sleeve due to the clear view in comparison to Winston. The significance of this shot reverse shot is representative of Todorov's narrative structure: John now at the point of climax where he is at the attempt at repair, meeting the enigma which denounced him excommunicado (marked for death) to finally deal with him. 

Action Match - Action match is also used in the stable scene where John can be seen (by way of low angle) attaching a lead attached to a horse onto an assassin's neck in one shot and then climbing onto the horse, riding off and dragging him across the floor which occurs over 4 shots to create spectacle, especially as the man is launched into a stable door. Another action match is used in the scene where Sofia and John are escaping Casablanca where an enemy grabs Sofia in one shot and throws her to the floor, and the rest of her fall and landing happening in the next shot in culmination with a low angle of the enemy to signify the shift in power. Fortunately this is almost immediately followed with the enemy and their friend being attacked by Sofia's dog with a low angle of her now recovered and shooting them while they're down. However, the action match represents a patriarchal society and enforces stereotypes as a male physically overcomes a female and a low angle makes that action seem more dominant. However, this is retracted when Sofia recovers in another action shot, the first showing her getting halfway up and the next showing her full recovery with another low angle and her shooting the enemies therefore, representing a post feminist society. This challenges the damsel in distress trope as initially the audience is led to believe that John will have to save her as she is taken down by another man however, Sofia saves herself (with assistance from her dogs) and defeats the man and even his companion which attempts to also take down Sofia; this heavily challenging female stereotypes in an action setting.

Cross Cutting - Once again in the stable scene, John has just rode off on a horse but a two shot is used to show two biker assassins (by the stable) nodding at each other (to connote teamwork) and riding off to pursue Mr. Wick. The camera cross cuts again back to John riding; this creates enigma as John will now be pursued by two more people both working together as tension builds. Another cross cut is used in a setting which challenges female stereotypes heavily due to the shallow depth of field, hiding John and Winston whilst the Adjudicator is in focus with a blunt expression. She pulls out her phone in a medium close up which transitions to the office area where the woman on the other side of the line picks up for the Adjudicator to command them due to her position in the high table. Similarly to Sofia, the context that the Adjudicator is in harkens to Damsel in distress. The wide shot showing her in front of two very powerful, men (one being the heroic protagonist) who are against her in the narrative. A shot reverse shot used before this phone call to demonstrate the juxtaposition between good vs evil in the narrative between her and Winston and John. However, this trope is challenged as she is the one in control despite the situation due to her position in the high table. 

Eye-line match - An eye-line match is used when there is a high angle of Zero as Charon tells him to stop proceeding a low angle of him pointing a gun in an over the shoulder shot at John Wick. The camera cuts to a low angle of Charon alongside another over the shoulder shot with Zero to put the audiences perspective in him. Charon's language and the use of a low angle connotes a shift in power from Zero being in control but now Charon taking control of the situation, further signified by the low angle, only with his voice therefore, challenging racial stereotypes. Another eye-line match is used when Sofia looks up to Barrada (in a low angle to show her lack of power, being literally on the ground) this followed by an over the shoulder-shot with the audience watching from Sofia's perspective, forcing a low angle to connote Barrada in power as he talks down to Sofia. Furthermore, this connotes a patriarchal society, especially with the emotion that Sofia displays being stereotypical of women whilst John remains stoic. 

 

Insert Shot - An insert shot is used in a wide shot of Barrada talking to John and Sofia about Sofia's dog. Within this shot Barrada opens a box and reaches his hand into it; what follows is a close up (with a zoom in like cut) of Barrada grabbing a gun from that box. The enigma of this is present in the wide shot where a low angle signifies his position of power in this scene; the location furthering this with it being his home filled with armed guards which heightens the stakes and tension for the audience, this low angle connoting that something bad is coming. Finally the gun is grabbed with a high angle to even show Barrada's power over the handgun, furthering male stereotypes in a patriarchal society with him being an ABC1 male in a position of power as an antagonist. Later in the scene there is a wide-two-shot where Sofia says 'he shot my dog' whilst Barrada is at her mercy on the ground and John is blurred in the background (connoting a strong position of power for Sofia, being in focus over John). The camera then cuts to a medium close-up of John saying 'I get it'. The effect of the insert shot giving even greater emphasis to the quote which has major story significance (John's dog being killed in the first film). 

LO3: Camerawork

 Camerawork

Camera-types

• shot types - all belong to 1/2 groups: a type of Close up or a Wide Shot. 

- Close ups portray: emotions and facial expressions. This can be the heroic protagonist who could convey stereotypes through having a brave expression which connotes them being in control soo that the audience can apply an ideal self and empathize with the character. This can be in juxtaposition with the challenging of stereotypes in showing fear. The same applying for the antagonist, a fearful expression conveyed in a close up making the audience fear for them; empathizing with the villain like they did with the hero. This makes them question the roles in the film which creates social interaction. Close ups show something that is important (in detail).

- Wide shots portray vast crowded scenes: examples of these being establishing shots or crowded shots. Wide shots also convey relationships between characters due to the presence of multiple characters in one shot. Setting/location is vitally reliant on this shot type as it establishes where the scene or entire film will be taking place.   

Two techniques happening at the same time such as a panning and two-shot, it would be called a panning two-shot (extra marks).

• Camera Movement -

• Camera-angle -

LO5: Evaluating Research Methods

 Evaluating Research Methods 

Media companies often expect that mass media products have a large audience reach. This means the product is more likely to be successful and will make profit via sales. However, the primary reason for this is to find out how many people will consume the product within a given reach through research.

Organizations such as BARB and RAJAR carry this out for companies in the TV and Radio industries; comparatively NRS collects circulation (how many people buy a print product) and readership (multiple people reading that purchased print product) data for publishing and print companies.

Audience Feedback allows media companies to notice a gap in the market (something such as a product that isn't in the market like the lack of a girl band, introducing a girl band fills that gap). Audience feedback is also used to develop an understanding to the needs of mainstream and niche audiences. Social media is often used to gain this feedback as it is cost effective (cheap) and gains a high response rate. This is because social media is a captive and mass audience that allows for audiences to easily share media content. This allows for audiences to give feedback on how they can be targeted for a given product.

Competitor Research is useful as it allows for a company to research what is successful and what isn't about a competitors product so that the company that is conducting the research can use that research to improve their products and beat their competitors. BBC and ITV use online technologies to conduct focus groups (researchers) to find out what viewers think of major storylines they have produced. Companies find out what audiences think about the products of their competitors.

• Primary Research Methods - methods conducted by yourself such as making and releasing a questionnaires of open (an opinion) and closed (yes or no) questions, focus groups (online via sites like Teams, Skype and Zoom), interviews and online surveys to discover what the media producer wants to find out. This is beneficial as this is your own research therefore, no source is needed to be given (and research won't be wrong as it's first hand so reliability is not an issue) due to it being your own research .  

• Secondary Research Methods - methods that use information that has already been released such as theorist research or using the internet to find information. This can cost money to access certain sites/information and runs the risk of outdated/misinformation as well as unreliable sources. 

Primary Research Methods - Advantages and Disadvantages

Questionnaires

• Advantages - Allows researcher to ask direct questions to get the answers they want to know, easy to answer, can reach older and younger demographics 

• Disadvantages - The sample can be biased, risk of low response rate, questionnaire could go to junk folder, untruthful answers

Focus Groups

• Advantages - You can develop discussions with immediate answers

• Disadvantages - Multiple people can all give the same opinion, one person can be overbearing

Interviews

• Advantages - Allows the producer to ask direct questions which give direct answers from one specially selected person/detailed answers, making that information more reliable. Can ask for interviewee to elaborate

• Disadvantages - Small sample size

Online Surveys

• Advantages  - Reaches a mass audience that exceeds in reaching digital natives

• Disadvantages - People can give misinformation, not everyone can access the internet

Secondary Research Methods - Advantages and Disadvantages

Internet Research - Search engines gather personal opinions, news articles and academic research. 

• Advantages - Accessible via blackbox devices with near limitless sources

• Disadvantages - This can cost money, requires an internet connection, sources can be unreliable or have misinformation. Advantages - 

Books and Journals - Textbooks provide methods of getting information. 

• Advantages - Lengthy and detailed pieces of text covering needed information. Traditional (been through a publishing company)

• Disadvantages - The writer may have incorrect or misinformation, authors may be unreliable or biased (requires background check), text can be outdated

Magazines and Newspapers - Articles written by journalists who have used primary research methods to create data. 

• Advantages - Written by professional journalists who understand what they are writing about and use primary sources

• Disadvantages -Information may be harder to find in a wide magazine or newspaper, costs money and information can be biased/fake news.

Television - Documentaries, news and factual advice programmes provide information.

• Advantages - Easy to access due to it being on your home TV and via streaming services (accessible via blackbox device). Visual.

• Disadvantages - Information might be outdated or made in a way that appeals to a certain audience therefore, losing pertinent information to cater to a wider audience. Not time efficient.

SWOT - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities (improvements), Threats

You have been asked to launch a new fashion magazine aimed at young females (16-24). Choose two research methods (one primary, one secondary) and use SWOT to analyse them.

Questionnaire: Can be sent out via email or a social media post, this is because the 16-24 age bracket consists of digital natives who are likely to be using a blackbox device to see these questionnaires. This is advantageous as it reaches a wider sample that also includes the target audience. However, online questionnaires can result in false/misinformation due to ease of access. This presents opportunities to find out what audiences want from the magazine therefore, it can cater better towards the target demographic, using audience feedback. Additionally, to prevent misinformation the questionnaire can contain closed questions or the user will have to register an email to discourage putting false information. However, if the questionnaire is not anonymous then you run the risk of breaching the data protection act.

Internet Research: An advantage of using the internet for secondary research would be that you can analyse other's primary research methods for your own benefit with sites such as BARB or RAJAR, this being easy to access and often free. However, information can be outdated depending on what sites you conduct research on, leading to false information. This can be circumvented via analyzing when the research was conducted by way of a date on the site or way back machine; false information avoided by conducting research on the person who wrote whatever you're analysing for legitimacy. A potential threat would be the copyright act; using others research for your own benefit or claiming it as your own.

PEST Analysis

• Political - Environmental issues, legislations, regulatory bodies (e.g. Ofcom), funding and grants, government policies.
• Economic - Economy (abroad and domestic), economic trends, taxes, exchange/interest rates.
• Social - Lifestyle trends, demographics, consumer attitudes, brand, role models/influencers.
• Technology - Technological development, research funding, replacement technology, data, intellectual property rights, innovational potential.

Marketing Possibilities

In the media industry, most successful products will often have spin off's and sequels however, this is dependent on audience feedback and income. This is because if a product is successful, audiences are more inclined to consume a spin-off product related to what they already know they enjoy. This makes it safe for the company to produce a spin-off as it is likely to have a similar success to their previous successful product. An example of this would be Loki which is a spin-off series to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (The Avengers and Thor films).

Companies know if their product is successful based on viewer ratings, social interactions online/publicity and reviews (alongside income). 

It's important for companies to know how audiences consume their product (the platform and way they are using it) such as watching a movie via streaming service on blackbox device rather than traditional cinema. Companies know this by analysing data (found on places like BARB).

Technological Convergence

Technological convergence - The way in how media has changed in the way it can be accessed since web 2.0; technologies incorporating many kinds of media on one device. Technological convergence has changed the way industries distribute media. This could include a newspaper converting to online issues to be accessed via blackbox device. 

If you see a newspaper like the Daily Mail which has more mobile sales/circulation than print, the audience is primarily digital natives (below 35). Compared to The Mirror which has more print/physical circulation due to an ABC1 audience that have disposable income to spend on individual newspapers (rather than a monthly subscription), mainly being digital migrants (35+).

Data Types

Qualitative Data - descriptive data in detail (text based) that allows for in depth analysis of a product and what people think of it. Beneficial for individual feedback.

Quantative Data - numerical data that allows for figures and facts to be analysed such as how many people interact with a product and how many via a certain platform. Less individual and gives less precise detail however, gives quick and concise understandings of factual objective data rather than subjective opinions from qualitative.

Quantative Data - BARB

Qualative Data

Regulatory Bodies

• W3C - Internet
• PEGI - Games
• PRS (Performing Rights Society) - Music
• BBFC - Film
• Ofcom - TV and Radio
• ASA - Advertising
• IPSO - Print

Media Research Organizations

• BARB (Broadcasting Audience Research Board) - TV
• PAMCO/NRS (National Readership Survey) - Print
• RAJAR (Radio Joint Audience Research) - Radio

LO3: Mis En Scene

 Mis En Scene

Iconography - Imagery that denotes something and is iconically recognisable e.g. a Xenomorph is iconography to Alien.

Mis En Scene:

• Lighting (high and low-key)
• Gestures
• Costume
• Props
• Locations and iconography
• Colour

Mis-En-Scene Fantastic Four Task - Lighting and Iconography

Primarily low-key lighting in natural environments with high key unnatural/artificial lighting in lit areas like the lab. Connotations of unease with a lack of natural lighting in most shots with a juxtaposition seen in the very few outdoor shots with iconography of the Fantastic Four symbol and characters unique to the series like 'The Thing'.  This iconography (with locations like a lab and inter-dimensional travel being iconic to the sci-fi genre) connotes the action setting with superhero characters who are seen with their new powers after a sci-fi accident. Heroes journey is shown with a new equilibrium of juxtaposing how the heroes act towards the start of the film towards the end, being stern and confident to take on the villain. 

costume - men in suits to connote wealth and power, this in conjunction with a female character wearing an expensive turtleneck in a lab environment connoting a wealth and success. The Fantastic Four all wear the same matching outfits which connotes unity and teamwork. The heroes are wearing casual everyday clothes which allows the audience to relate and like them more in juxtaposition to the high powered connotation in the suits of the other characters.

Props - Lab equipment has connotations of intelligence and therefore success. The Bat and ball denotes sports but connotes the character using it's strength and aggression, this foreshadowing that character later gaining super strength as a power, this linking to the target audience of men due to the action/adventure, sci-fi genres.

Location - Military base connotes stakes and threat in the film's setting. New York as a real life location assists in verisimilitude to make the film for realistic. 

Gesture - Military members stand tall (bracing up) emotionless, creates tension like those people are simply tools for war due to the military connotation; al of them stood in the same emotionless stance juxtaposing them from the free movements of the protagonists therefore, allowing the audience to attach themselves better. The protagonists are humanised, shown vulnerable in professional settings (confused), then becoming underdog superheroes.

LO3: Understanding how Meaning is Created in Media

Understanding how Meaning is Created in Media

Features in a Trailer (Codes and Conventions)

• Scenes from the product (enigma/spectacle/non-linear narrative)
• The characters and cast present in the product
• The genre of the product (denoted by Mis En Scene e.g. props and costume)
• Locations within the product
• Creators/studios/directors etc. (title cards/graphics)
• Soundtrack (non-diegetic)
• Product name at the end (for tension and memorability)
• camerawork (close-ups common in trailer to show characters and attach audience)
• Transitions (and their frequency)
• SFX

Macro Meanings - a deeper understanding of something (e.g. surveillance). Connotations/themes/ messages.

Micro Meanings - Producers use micro elements to allow audiences to understand a micro idea (genre - e.g. horror movie conventions like haunted houses, close ups, stings). Micro elements are media language -These are:

1. Mis En Scene
2. Camerawork
3. Sound
4. Editing

Q6/Q7/Q8 (Q6 - 15-20 marks, 4-5 examples)

You will be asked to theoretically how a product of your choice creates meaning:

Macro Meanings (what the question will ask):

• Genre
• Narrative
• Representation

Micro Meaning (how you will give and explain examples):

• Mis En Scene (best for representation and genre)
• Camerawork (good for representation)
• Editing (best for narrative and genre)
• Sound (genre and representation)